Iranian Journal of Sociology

Abstract This study explained why the national identity became important in the first Pahlavi state, why ancient elements of Iranian identity were highlighted, and why Islamic elements of their identity were marginalized. The results show that due to Iran's integration into the world system, the necessity of modern nation-building, and the importance of national identity in the modern state, made Iranians focus on their national identity. Since the powerful social forces challenged the state power at this period of time, the state tried to eliminate these social forces by enacting specific identity policies. Therefore, the state’s identity policies were mainly based on the state interests and not on the state ideology. In addition, these policies were formulated to weaken the rival social forces, especially the clergy and tribal leaders.    

Abstract In this article, political culture of the Conservatives and Reformists elites in Iran is discussed. The research questions are ” What are the characteristics of conservatives and reformists elites”? and “What are similarities and differences of political culture among conservatives and reformists elites?”. The theoretical Frameworte of the discussoion is formulated, based on the political culture theories of Almond and Verba. The study was conducted as a social survey and the research tools were questionnaire. The data have been collected by Fuzzy scale. We used the descriptive statistics techniques such as frequency and percentage for data analysis. The observational units were members of Reformist and Conservative parties and associations. The empirical evidences show that the degree of political trust, feeling political power and feeling of political security of reformists are lower than conservatives, while their supporting freedom of expression, tolerance and respect to citizen’s rights are higher .

Abstract The problem of this article is the degree of polity variability between countries. The research question is stated as follows: how can we explain the degree of polity variability between countries? Based on the theoretical framework, social capital is the necessary causal condition for democracy. The original approach of the essay is comparative analysis between countries. The technique for data collection is the analysis of existing data (the secondary). The studied population consists of countries that in 1990 and 2010 have valid data for all the related concepts.  For the arbitration of the article's assumptions the fuzzy method, and for data analysis the SPSS, Excel, and Fs / QCAf software were used. The experimental findings indicate that disregarding the Eastern Bloc countries from the analysis, social trust is often a necessary condition for democracy. Usually civic engagement and trustworthiness are necessary conditions for democracy. Also, the results indicated that authoritarian rule in a country would reduce social capital in the long-term.

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