Iranian Journal of Sociology

Abstract Citizenship is not only a social status but also a social role which, based on the way it is perceived, the agent influence their position. The citizenship role, like any other social role, is composed of the norms which form the underlying rights and obligations in it. In every society, the kind of attitude towards these norms stabilizes a special kind of citizenship status. In this article, to design a normative pattern, we review the political and sociological literature. For this purpose, the citizenship role is divided into two parts of rights and obligations and then three ethical, social and legal normative groups have been identified in this role. After construction of the mentioned pattern, the following question is investigated: what is our citizens’ attitude towards the constructed pattern? We employed a survey and questionnaires to gather the data. The population was Tehrani citizens above 18 years old and 401 respondents were selected as the sample. The findings indicate that the highest positive attitude is for the legal norms and the least degree of positive attitudes is for ethical norms. The findings make our pattern more similar to the Eastern Europe's norms of citizenship.

Abstract The national identity of people is considered to constitute the highest commitment to a society and in fact, it is thought of as the core value of every citizen. Peoples' national identity is affected by history, culture, geography, religion and the like. Its existence is necessary for the making and sustaining of a nation-state. The increase of social welfare and the expansion of ICT in recent decades, have improved the possibility of traveling and communicating among people. Meanwhile, traveling, tourism experiences, and familiarity with other core values may cause the weakening or strengthening of national values. Therefore, this research aims to study the relationship of tourism experience and national identity. In this way, Erik Cohen's theory has been applied for articulation of theoretical framework. Based on this, with quantitative approach, survey method and a researcher-designed questionnaire the required data has been gathered through multistage cluster sampling among 378 residents of Shiraz. The validity of the questionnaire has been attained through face and constructed validity, and its reliability is gained by Cronbach Alpha. The gathered data at two levels of descriptive and inferential has been presented and the hypotheses of study have been examined. Among examined variables, the variables of age, external traveling, religious traveling, education, marital status, memorable traveling, quality of traveling, satisfaction of traveling, experimental and experientialexperience have had meaningful relationship with dependent variable (national identity) and internal traveling, recreational experience, gender and ethnicity have not had meaningful relationship with dependent variable (national identity). The results of multivariate regression have shown that six variables of experientialexperience (15 percent), memorable construct (5.1 percent), religious traveling (3.5 percent), external traveling (1.7 percent), quality of traveling (1.4 percent) and age (1.4 percent) have explained 28.7 percent of variation of dependent variable (national identity).

Abstract The youth defined as persons of 15 to 29 years of age, account for about 35 percent of Iran’s population. Such significant percentage may be considered a comparative advantage for the country. However, if this opportunity is not used properly it can become a serious threat. Thus, developing policies and plans for this age group is a major priority. Social capital alongside other forms of capital can facilitate envisaged planning processes and help realize planning objectives. In this article, we present a multidimensional scale developed to measure social capital among the Iranian youth.  Using this scale, a survey of 4,500 persons in the age bracket of 15-29 (drawn from across the Iranian provinces) has been conducted. Results indicate weak social capital among the surveyed youth, in particular in terms of relations with associations and trust placed on non-acquaintances and officials. The effect of social and individual characteristics on social capital is found to be significant. In light of the significance of the aforementioned relations as well as the dominance of traditional social capital among the youth, enhancing the social milieu, strengthening civil institutions, and improving attitudes and actions of individuals are seen as necessary.

Abstract   This paper tries to criticize the linear (evolutionary) reading of Durkheim`s theory- which ignored all different histories in the favor of dominant history- either at evolutionary material determination level or at the level of its approach to consciousness. for  this reason by constructing the concept of gravity of mechanical solidarity  proposes  a dialectical relationship between various kinds of solidarity in different historical periods. This is primarily  based on Giddens`s discontinuist interpretation of modern history  and avoiding transitional period approach. Then in empirical level, by operationalzing the above concepts and applying quantitative methods in Tehran, the relationship between gravity of mechanical solidarity  and abnormal Forms has been examined. In so doing, the effect of particular concepts inscribed in abnormal Forms on gravity of mechanical solidarity    has been revealed. And several phenomena which previous readings were enable to explain or consider them as exceptional has been conceptualized.