Iranian Journal of Sociology

Abstract This interdisciplinary and analytical article attempted to provide an interpretation for Ahmad Shamlou’s poems from a sociological point of view. For this purpose, we used two different fields: sociology and Persian literature. The theoretical framework was a combination of various approaches to structuralism. In addition, we employed  Foucault's discourse analysis and Laclau's critical discourse analysis as our research method. The findings revealed that Shamlou’s works have an ideological, semantic and linear determination. As a result, his works are structuralistic and therefore, it is impossible to read them differently. The results also showed that Persian literature has a high capacity to address and interpret human and social issues. Plus, the present paper underlines the importance of interdisciplinary studies.

Abstract This research aims to answer these questions: firstly; political development in the sense of participation development and political competition has gone through what process and has left behind what ups and downs after Constitutional Revolution? Secondly; during this long- term, political development in this country has encountered what impediments and serious challenges? To answer these questions, which are discussed in the realm of political sociology, we used Chandhoke, Moore, Huntington, Skocpol and Lociani theories about civil society's weak points and rentier states authority- as impediments and serious challenges in political development, and finally this hypothesis was proposed that the more concentration and exclusive reliance of government on oil income and the more civil society's base weak, the less the possibility of political development achievement in society. Study and test of this hypothesis in assistance of valued historical documents and evidence and accurate statistical documents showed in every term that the government was rentirely characterized and became independent of peoples tax and enjoyed central power, it always tighten the realm for civil society activities, therefore, it has hindered establishment of political development. In contrast, when rentiral characteristics and traits of government became some how less, or the government became weak and experienced financial crisis, the government inclined to levying tax on people and therefore, valued opportunity for growth and evolution of civil society and political development in this country was prepared. To regard development phenomenon and political development as a historical realities which has its roots in long- term social evolutions and transformation, willy- nilly will drive this research to historical research, because it is supposed that political development in every society has its own special history. Therefore, in the framework of this method, we have also scientifically studied six definite, historic courses during (1304- 1382) when the country alternately has experienced political expansion and  limitation. .