Iranian Journal of Sociology

Abstract  
Despite some claims about the death of class, It is still an essential issue in sociological studies of the medium range and especially in determining religious preferences in such a way that religious activists tend to religious styles related and appropriate to their socio-economic situation. In other words, people with different socio-economic situations have different religious tastes. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the religious taste of the urban lower class. This research was conducted with a qualitative approach and grounded theory method. The participants in this research are religious activists from the urban lower class in Shahrekord, who were selected through purposeful criterion-based sampling. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews with eighteen people of this class. In order to analyze the data, open, central ,and selective coding methods were used, and Guba and Lincoln criteria were used to ensure validity and reliability. The findings show eighteen selected categories in the form of a paradigmatic model with a main category (ritualization of religion), causal conditions (collectivism, traditionalism, fatalism ,and being emotional), contextual conditions (ritual-oriented religious socialization), intervention conditions (low social-economic status), strategies (ritual religiosity, emotional religiosity, mediated religiosity, obligatory religiosity, hereditary religiosity ,and fatalistic religiosity) and consequences (religious reductionism, religious formalism, carnivalization of rituals, maddah-oriented, religious embodiment) is organized. The results show that rituals have a prominent, important ,and influential place in the religious taste of the urban lower class ,and it is not possible to determine this place without understanding the logic of popular religion and understanding the logic of rituals in popular religion.

Abstract Citizenship is a bilateral and social idea, and it is not just a set of rights that free an individual from the commitment to others. Also avoidance of citizenship responsibility is to circumvent the tasks such as the civic affairs and participation. For Ztumka, moral community deals with trust, sense of responsibility and obligation towards others with whom it has common values, interests and goals. To Parsons considers, trust is the factor that creates social unity, cohesion, and order. Therefore, the present study attempted to investigate the relationship between the level of social mistrust and the avoidance of citizenship responsibility among Tehrani citizens in 2019. We did a survey and to collect the data we used the structured questionnaire and cluster sampling amongst Tehrani citizens over 18. Also, 384 respondents were selected as our sample using Cochran's sampling formula. Due to the corona virus pandemic, 356 respondents were interviewed and the data were analysed using Mplus8 and SPSS software. Descriptive findings showed that citizenship irresponsibility among the respondents is higher than the average. Besides, the amount of social mistrust, particularly the organizational mistrust, was higher than the average. Inferential results revealed that social mistrust (.0.72), citizenship rights (./29), and education level (./16) had a significant relationship with citizenship.