Iranian Journal of Sociology

Abstract It is possible for adverse situations to occur in any society, but what is important is the quality of the society's response to these difficult situations; Among such cases, we can mention the state of hope in the society; whether there is hope for improvement or not. Citizens' point of view regarding comparing the present with the past, evaluating the present and the level of hope for the future in various fields is very important and significant due to its many effects and consequences. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to present a picture of the state of hope and attitude towards the present and the future in Iranian society and the process of its changes based on the views of respondents in national surveys. In this regard, by using the secondary analysis method to the reports of the national surveys measuring "values and attitudes of Iranians", three waves of which have been implemented so far in the years 2000, 2003 and 2015, and the national surveys of the "Nationwide Social Capital Survey" (2005, 2014 and 2017) in which there was an item to measure hope or attitude towards the present and evaluation of the future.
Our findings showed that in general, regarding the evaluation of the current situation, more than 85% of the respondents were not satisfied with the current situation and indicated their need for reform. Also, the examination of the process of hope chenges, i.e. the indicators of comparing the current state of society with the past, as well as the attitude towards the future of society and their indicators (such as class gap, economic status and welfare status, vitality, prevalence of positive moral characteristics) showed that the assessment of the situation. Also, examining the process of changes in hope in terms of comparing the current state of society with the past, as well as the attitude towards the future of society and their indicators (such as class gap, economic status and welfare status, vitality, prevalence of positive moral characteristics) showed that the assessment of the situation. The current and future of the society was not favorable in the examined indicators because a significant percentage of the respondents have always been placed in desperate options (worsening the situation) and monitoring the change process showed that with the passage of time, there has been an erosion process in some indicators and a relative improvement in others.
 

Abstract The study examines the relationship between social class and university entrance exams at the Bu-Ali Sina University of Hamedan, using Bourdieu's theory of cultural reproduction. We did a survey and employed a questionnaire. In addition, we used a  stratified random sampling method and chose 370 students as a sample from the research population which consisted of 12500 students. Bivariate analyses showed that there was no meaningful relationship between social class, work ethic, hope, and food security and the rank of the entrance exam, but there was a meaningful relationship between social capital network, and IQ and the rank of entrance exam. The findings also demonstrated that there was a meaningful difference between IQ and performance in the examination in popular and less popular fields, i.e. the students of popular fields answered the IQ questions quickly. But both groups of students had no difference in hope. And there was no difference between social class and performance in popular and less popular fields. Furthermore, we found an inverse relationship between food security and IQ rate.