Iranian Journal of Sociology

Abstract  To do this, we conducted grounded theory and in-depth semi-structured interviews. Also, we used purposive sampling to recruit 15 male and female adults who lived in Tehran. Then, we read the data and coded significant statements and 12 main categories and the core category of ‘erosion of health and livelihood in the crisis and failure of change management’. The results showed that the corona epidemic has affected the quality of people's livelihood and health system, and has had consequences such as physical and mental damage and employment vulnerability. In addition, casual and contextual conditions such as intra-occupational mechanisms, awareness of prevention methods, disease experience, individual's assessment of the government's performance, and the level of social support have been effective in facing these consequences.  

Abstract In this research, we attempted to determine the conceptual and theoretical gaps in Weber's theory of charismatic leadership and construct an ideal type of charismatic leadership using Weber's ideal type. This new ideal type must be sociological and have the empirical-historical test capability. Accordingly, first we examined the theoretical ambiguities in Weber's theory of charisma. Secondly, based on Weber's views and those of his main commentators, we constructed two main approaches to charisma. Focusing on individual characteristics, the first approach tries to explain the causes of charisma. The second approach focuses more on the followers' perceptions and responses to charisma, as well as on the objective and subjective conditions of charisma formation. It has been argued that a follower-oriented approach is a sociological approach that can be examined experimentally. In this approach, the validity of charisma stems from the approval and acceptance of followers. In addition, the followers look for a charismatic savior in certain psychological conditions. Thus, changes, social crises, and structural changes in society are considered to be the main causes of the emergence of charismatic leaders.