Iranian Journal of Sociology

Abstract People in the society suffer more from mental feeling or perceived inequality than from real inequality. To explain the issue, in this research, we sought to investigate the social factors affecting the feeling of social inequalities and we tried to answer this question: what are the social factors affecting the feeling of social inequality in Isfahan city? In terms of controlling the research conditions, this research is a mixed method (survey and grounded theory). The statistical population of the current study is all citizens aged 18 and older living in Isfahan city. According to Cochran's formula, the sample size was 400 people, which was selected by random sampling according to the size. The data was collected with a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 28 items for independent variables and 18 items for the feeling of social inequality (dependent variable). Ensuring the validity of the questionnaire questions was done through the face validity method to ensure the quality of the instrument, the researcher used two criteria, checked its reliability and validity. Retest reliability was used to check the reliability, and the 99% reliability obtained indicated a very high reliability of the tool. To check the reliability, content validity was used (according to the Sen H Laushe formula - CVR coefficient) and the CVR coefficient was equal to 68%. To analyze the data, statistical methods of one-way analysis of variance and independent t-test were used. Based on the obtained results, there is a significant difference between the feeling of social inequality and the variables of social opportunities, geographical area and media programs. However, there is no significant difference between the feeling of social inequality and the variables of ethnicity, religion, social bases and education levels.  

Abstract  
The study is conducted with the aim of studying the redefinition of religion in the everyday life experience of women in Tehran. For this purpose, qualitative approach and grounded theory method were used. Sampling was done in a targeted way and among the students born in the 50s and 60s of Islamic Azad Universities in Tehran. The data were analyzed at three levels of open, central and selective coding. The paradigm model resulting from the core categories also showed that the causal conditions for the phenomenon of redefinition of religion were the media's role in confronting religion, questioning personal experiences of religion, and the role of education in creating a new attitude towards religion. The results confirm that the religiosity of women has undergone many changes that it is necessary to pay attention to it in policy-making.
 

Abstract This paper attempted to explore the meaning of religiosity amongst Shiite Students of Shiraz University. To do this, we selected 20 subjects aged 18 to 20 and conducted semi-structured interviews. Research findings demonstrated that the concept of ‘construction of a modifiable belief’ was prevail amongst the students. In addition to this core category, we extracted some main categories such as the quality of tendency to materialistic desire, the quality of experiences of traditional-modern procedures, the quality of dealing with the value of institutionalized religion, the quality of dealing with transcendental tools and values incompatible with institutionalized religion, redefining belief bases, human-centered religiosity, God-centered religiosity, and the fallacy of religiosity. In addition to the aforementioned findings, this article has a methodological innovation called the quasi-proses thematic analysis.    

Abstract The Al-Buyids state has a special place in the social history of Iran due to its adherence to Shiism and its tolerant view of other religions. The main question of the present article was, "What theoretical logic does the historical model of the relationship between religion and state in Iran of the Al-Buyids era follow?" To this end, we used the case study method and the documentary data collection method to match the model based on historical experience with designed theoretical models that include the six aspects of caesaropapism, papacaesarism, hierocracy, erastianism, secularism, and laicitism. By analyzing the real examples of each of the theoretical models during the reign of the rulers of Al-Buyids, three periods of invasion, balance, and defense were inferred. The period of invasion saw the establishment of the model of  erastianism, the period of balance witnessed the stabilization of the model of erastianism and the period of defense saw a transition from the model of erastianism to the model of hierocracy.

Abstract Acquisition of the theological knowledge of religions is recommended along with other religious studies to sociologists of religion who are bound to safeguard their perceptions and manifestations from the apologetics damages.  Up to now, the avoidance from theology has been the positivistic solution in order to be immumized from apologetics partiality. However, the solution this paper puts forward is the distinction and segregation of 'theology1' from' apologetics' at the first stance and then the description and limitation of the courses experiencing penetration of apologetics' notations in the studies of religion. With the required recommendation from theology, not only the weaknesses of sociology of religion will be removed so far as acquaintance with the subjects is concerned but it would also prevent from the unjust label of apologetics to sociologists who possess valuable theological Knowledge of religion during the course of their studies.