Iranian Journal of Sociology

Abstract The problem of this article is the degree of polity variability between countries. The research question is stated as follows: how can we explain the degree of polity variability between countries? Based on the theoretical framework, social capital is the necessary causal condition for democracy. The original approach of the essay is comparative analysis between countries. The technique for data collection is the analysis of existing data (the secondary). The studied population consists of countries that in 1990 and 2010 have valid data for all the related concepts.  For the arbitration of the article's assumptions the fuzzy method, and for data analysis the SPSS, Excel, and Fs / QCAf software were used. The experimental findings indicate that disregarding the Eastern Bloc countries from the analysis, social trust is often a necessary condition for democracy. Usually civic engagement and trustworthiness are necessary conditions for democracy. Also, the results indicated that authoritarian rule in a country would reduce social capital in the long-term.

Abstract   This paper tries to criticize the linear (evolutionary) reading of Durkheim`s theory- which ignored all different histories in the favor of dominant history- either at evolutionary material determination level or at the level of its approach to consciousness. for  this reason by constructing the concept of gravity of mechanical solidarity  proposes  a dialectical relationship between various kinds of solidarity in different historical periods. This is primarily  based on Giddens`s discontinuist interpretation of modern history  and avoiding transitional period approach. Then in empirical level, by operationalzing the above concepts and applying quantitative methods in Tehran, the relationship between gravity of mechanical solidarity  and abnormal Forms has been examined. In so doing, the effect of particular concepts inscribed in abnormal Forms on gravity of mechanical solidarity    has been revealed. And several phenomena which previous readings were enable to explain or consider them as exceptional has been conceptualized.