Iranian Journal of Sociology

Abstract Social isolation is one of the critical issues in contemporary urban societies, entailing extensive consequences across individual, familial, and social dimensions. Within this context, lifestyle, as a key construct, plays a pivotal role in strengthening or weakening social bonds, thereby reducing or exacerbating social isolation. Accordingly, the present study aimed to develop an Interpretive Structural Model (ISM) of factors affecting lifestyle to reduce social isolation among citizens of Karaj. This research is applied in terms of objective and qualitative in terms of methodology. In the first step, factors influencing lifestyle to mitigate social isolation were identified through a review of theoretical foundations, research literature, and interviews with 12 academic experts in Karaj. In the second step, the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) technique was employed via Microsoft Excel to model and analyze the interrelationships among these factors.

Abstract “Conflict" is seen as the essence of the employee -employer relationship in all conventional discourses as dialectic of polar and Hegelian type, where conflict is essentially transformed into contradiction. However, Simmel and Gurvitch attention and understanding of dialectic can bring about fundamental changes in the relationship between employee and employers. The discovery, recognition, and examination of the existing backgrounds and issues and their role in the worker-employer relationship are among the objectives of this research. The research was conducted using an inductive fieldwork strategy with a grounded theory approach. Non-formal observation tools were employed, and the researcher participated fully. Formal and informal interview techniques were also used, and discourse analysis and situational analysis were employed in data analysis. The results demonstrate that understanding roles in the relationship between employee and employers and overcoming the contradictory view of each party can lead to confusion between employee and employers. In other words, the emergence of a multidimensional dialectic instead of a unidimensional or polar dialectic recognizes contradictions and differences, and understanding it can distance oneself from the strategy of constant struggle and replace it with a strategy of negotiation. This strategy can facilitate the interests and demands of both groups.
 
Conflict of interest: According to the authors, the article did not have any conflict of interest.
 

Abstract  
urban social policy and social exclusion can open a window to narrate the excluding of body and poverty from urban spaces in the city. The mainstream of Sociology does not offer a critical articulation about excluded social groups from the urban live. It usually adopts a pathological approach to the urban poor and a normative and clinical insight about the "body" throughout the moment of constructing the urban spaces. Critical reading, however, focuses on urban social policies that cause social exclusion of citizens, and for this reason, a new formulation of urban problem as well as exclusion from the city would be possible, which at the same time recognizes the moral anger of the excluded, and shows the constructing mechanisms of the criteria of "non- disabled bodies" and how "bodies" are heterogeneous to this norm and the urban poor are also excluded from the urban policy agenda. Therefore, despite the environmental and socio-economic barriers in the city, the excluded from the city become angry and rebellious activists who adopt a kind of devastating/deconstructing hermeneutics toward urban life.
Method of the research is qualitative by gathering data through interview, observation, previous researches, lived experiences of researcher and a novel. Organization of data occurred by sociological reconstructed narrations in the form of “social novels”. And in order to obtain the objectivity of the narratives, the opinions of people involved in similar situations described in the narratives or researchers in this field were taken, and the feedback was also included in the final narratives.
 Finally, the city is built for the privileged classes and non-disabled bodies, and the urban excluded groups, in accordance with the inferior hermeneutic position assigned to them in urban life, generally experience various obstacles through their daily practices and by being in urban spaces, and the city and the achievements of urban life for them, will become more "unattainable" and will creates a moral anger toward the society and leads to adoption of a destructive hermeneutic by them. Results captured that the urban excluded groups, attack the urban life ultimately because of the perceived urban injustices and inequalities therefore they achieve a deconstructing hermeneutic abbot the urban.