Iranian Journal of Sociology

Abstract This research tries to answer these questions that who is an addict? And what makes addicts stay in recovery? The data of this research has been collected by documentary and qualitative methods. Samples in the direct observation method were the recovering addicts-sessions at NA, travelers of Congress60, group therapy sessions at Samen, addicts' family-sessions at, Nar-Anon, Cmanon, and co-travelers. Samples in the depth interview method were clinical psychologists, psychiatrists and social workers at specialized addiction treatment clinics, and Chitgar,Neday-Aramesh,Verdij camps. The results of research show that the addicted had the"mental illness of addiction" before addiction. In other words, he is "lazy" of Levinas. Based on the research results, we present the theory of Network of Social Relations in Addiction. Based on this theory, the addict has acquired the "mental illness of addiction" from his defective his/her social relations network, and in order to recover and stay in recovery, he must be placed in a network of new relationships with improved addicts.

Abstract The texts of the founders of sociology are intertextual, created in dialogue and debate with other texts. Classical and neoclassical economics texts are one of the most important texts that played role in the formation of sociology. The discussion of sociological texts with economic texts has sometimes been in the form of adaptation and sometimes critical, but this view of textually has been discussed inadequately after classical sociologists. Using the intertextuality method, this article shows how the classic sociology have faced the economics texts in terms of the two components of anthropology and analysis style. Sometimes the textually and dialogue of the texts is explicit and clear and sometimes it is hidden and not announced. The adaptive and critical dialogue of the founders of sociology with the founders of classical and neoclassical economics also shows the differences in the way of looking at human beings and the style of analysis.

Abstract The purpose of the current research is to identify and examine the most important sociological theories in relation to the shadow curriculum, while examining research works and literature, and examine its nature in the perspective of sociological theories. The theoretical framework of this article is based on critical theory and from the methodological point of view, it is a qualitative research in which the data were collected and analyzed in a documentary way. On the one hand, the shadow curriculum is a tool to achieve goals that cannot be realized through the official curriculum, and designers and policy makers achieve these goals through it. On the other hand, it is a language that students and teachers use to break taboos, to express the problems of school and social life. They want to highlight the concerns of family, social and cultural life. The shadow curriculum originates from the language, mind, thoughts and hearts of students and teachers. Based on the results of this research, the most important sociological theories that have explained the shadow curriculum are: Marxism, critical theory, resistance theory, Nietzsche's theory and psychoanalysis

Abstract The proper confrontation with new spiritual groups in the contemporary society is based on the scientific knowledge of this fact and the recognition of the path of their possible developments. Influenced by the growing process of globalization, emerging religious developments have common roots that help to identify the path of future developments. In this article, an attempt has been made to identify the roots of contemporary developments and speculate about their future path by examining the intellectual movements that have had decisive effects on new spiritual groups. For this purpose, the method of analysis and logical inference from some of the most important social researches is used (meta-analysis). Spiritual therapy, emphasizing inner talents and turning attention from an external source for salvation to the human self has been the most important legacies of pioneer movements on the growth of new spiritual groups.

Abstract Validity issues in phenomenological research are what this article investigates. Phenomenology is an attempt to enrich the world as it is experienced, and for its method -a mere emphasis on pure "description"- an alternative has been found, "to interpret" the experience. Descriptive phenomenology ensures that descriptions reflect the phenomenon as it was first experienced by the participants. Interpretive phenomenology, however, wants to determine the meanings of the phenomenon just as they appear in the participant's mind. In descriptive phenomenology, validity issues have been investigated in different ways: (1) a fundamental description of the phenomenon must be able to correctly capture the essence that has been intuited; (2) experts can be used to judge phenomenological analysis; (3) return to participants. In interpretative phenomenology, what is important is whether the phenomenological interpretations of meaning structures are valid, and the themes and the insights inferenced from the descriptions are appropriate and novel?

Abstract
Abstract:
The emergence of inclusive and income-generating social networks such as Instagram in today's era, which has provided the ability to display and share daily life events for its users; This has caused us to face the novel and new phenomenon of "virtual working children" or "Instagram working children", children who actually work as virtual workers under the command of their employers, including their parents or first-degree relatives, in these virtual social networks. Therefore, the sociological analysis of the social contexts of the formation and emergence of this phenomenon in society has been the main goal of this research. The research method is qualitative and based on foundation data, and the subjects were selected through purposive and snowball sampling. The participants are actually the parents of children who, as their employers, manage their work-advertising activities in the Instagram virtual network. Therefore, 20 parents answered the researcher's questions through semi-structured in-depth interviews. The type of activities and tasks done by children on the Instagram social network are classified into three categories: A- Advertising works, B- Demonstration works and C- Service works. The data from this research was extracted after the three stages of coding, including open, central and selective, a total of 255 concepts, 22 sub-categories and 4 main categories. The categories are: "virtual bio-business, virtual child, fluid identity and the ultimate desirability of parent-centered" and finally by combining the obtained models. The core category of "virtual slave child" was introduced. A type of modern slavery and virtual exploitation that is carried out in the streets by street children to provide a minimum livelihood and survive, but in cyber space with the aim of earning millions, becoming a celebrity and displaying all aspects of their lives by the parents-employers of virtual children. It is visible.