Iranian Journal of Sociology

Abstract Lefebvre considers space as a fundamental component in the functioning and organization of society within the framework of historical models of production. In his point of view, capitalism has produced a kind of abstract space that is a reflection of the trading world. In the current research, an attempt has been made to study the formation of abstract space in Tehran and its conditions of the possibility. In Iran, the encounter with the abstract space of capitalism has occured during the Naseri Era, but due to the absence of mediators such as Law and the State, the conditions for the formation of an abstract space have not provided. Due to the Constitutional Revolution and the resulting law, as well as the formation of the modern government, these conditions have been provided, the city has dominated the rural, and capitalism begins to create its own space.
 

Abstract The 1990s in Iran witnessed socio-political transformations following the revolution and war, transitioning toward reforms. This study, employing Lucien Goldmann’s genetic structuralism, examines Nima-ye Ghayeb to demonstrate how its anti-authoritarian structures dialectically relate to the urban middle class’s worldview. Findings reveal that the novel, through shifting perspectives and non-linear narratives, dismantles the familiar authoritarian narration of pre-revolutionary novels while emphasizing characters like Sindokht and Farah to highlight inclinations toward individuality and gender equality. Particularly in critiquing familial and social authority, it indirectly questions culturally rooted violence. Thus, Nima-ye Ghayeb not only represents the social shifts of the 1990s but also plants seeds for concepts that flourished in subsequent decades, notably in women’s rights and democratic demands.  

Abstract This article explores the experiences of female university students—using feminist standpoint theory—who were members of various student organizations and associations during the first and second decades of the 21st century. Using a qualitative approach and purposive sampling, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 27 female students from Tehran University, Amirkabir University, and Alzahra University. These students were primarily members of Islamic associations, the student Basij, student union councils, and scientific associations. Thematic analysis of the data reveals that pre-existing structures of organizations reinforce gender bias, with women largely overlooked in organizational interaction. Meanwhile, male students actively lobby with university professors and officials to shape their positions. Although membership benefits are more accessible to men, participating in student organizations and associations remains an empowering experience for girls, even in the most conservative ones. Despite existing gender stereotypes and discrimination, girls' involvement in organizational activities and their presence in leadership positions has increased during the 2010s. Despite the growing awareness of gender issues over time, in the late 2010s, the organizational workspace became more restricted and constrained. The findings suggest that the stagnation and inactivity in university associations exposed female students to greater experiences of pressure and exclusion compared to male students.

Abstract The present study aimed to analyze the lived experience of students with suicidal tendencies from the phenomenon of suicide. This study was of an interpretive type and its approach was qualitative and in accordance with the phenomenological method. Potential participants of the study included all students in Mashhad in 2025 who had suicidal thoughts. The participants of the study included 11 students from Mashhad who were selected using purposive sampling and sampling continued until theoretical saturation. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview. The data obtained were analyzed using the content analysis technique using MAXQDA 2024 software. The reliability of the results was verified with the Lincoln and Guba criteria. The results of the interview analysis showed that students' lived experience of the suicide phenomenon can be presented in the form of 4 organizing themes and 16 basic themes, which include intrapersonal suffering, meaningfulness of suicide, interpersonal suffering, and perceived lack of meaningfulness.  

Abstract In Iran, due to reasons such as the weakness in the lack of civil movements and organizations, the divergence of subcultures, the lack of a vision based on a written program in order to design and explain an appropriate model of nation-building, and Such other cases, the nation-building project has always remained unsuccessful and incomplete, and we have always witnessed that this category has not progressed in parallel with state-building. In fact, the nation is a soft and abstract concept, and creating a nation structure requires providing specific materials and materials in order to establish the form of a sustainable nation and bring it to the forefront. These infrastructures can be described in dimensions and indicators such as the state of social communications, ease of movement of elites, integration in the fields of culture and language, strengthening and rationalizing bureaucratic processes, in order to complete the nation-building project. Accordingly, the main question of this research is: based on what model can the development of the nation and the nation-building process in Iran be designed and explained? In response to this assumption, it can be proposed that the development of the nation requires the existence of infrastructures and mechanisms based on considering it as a project in various cultural, social and political dimensions, appropriate to the structure and context of Iranian society, by the government, elites, civil institutions, parties, organizations and the people. It should be noted that this research, using the causal method and utilizing the theoretical framework of nation-building by Karl Deutsch, seeks to explain this issue and answer the main question of the research, namely the failure to realize a new model of nation-building

Abstract Cohabitation, as one of the new forms of imformal marriage, has become an important social issue in recent years, especially among young people, due to the changes in the value and normative structures of societies. The aim of this article is to analyze the effect of the value structure of young people on the tendency to cohabitation. The qualitative research method is using the grounded theory method and the data collection tool is interviews. The statistical population of experts and specialists in the field of family, who were selected using purposeful sampling of 20 people, was analyzed with three-stage open, selective and axial coding, from which 117 concepts, 30 categories and 14 themes were extracted. The central phenomenon of "unstable couplehood" was selected. The findings showed that cohabitation in Iran is not simply the result of the conscious and free choice of young people, but is the product of the conflict between traditional structures and the requirements of the modern world. This phenomenon is a reflection of an incomplete value transition