Iranian Journal of Sociology

Abstract Since the formation of modern states, bureaucracies have become the main instruments of governments for achieving developmental goals. The existence of an efficient bureaucracy is considered necessary for realizing these goals.  However, in the literature of sociology, especially after the classics, the state bureaucracy has been neglected and it seems there is a kind of conceptual vacuum and confusion. This paper tries to give a critical discussion of the significant theories on the state bureaucracy and examine their reductionist attitudes, then give a clear formulation of this concept, and ultimately provide a conceptual model for its empirical study. Based on this model, the quality of the state bureaucracy in each country depends on its specific structural and institutional composition. The institutional context is the main determining factor of the quality of bureaucracy. Several variables, in the context of this institutional logic, are highlighted: the arrangement of power and the characteristics of political structure, the pattern of extraction of resources and the system of economic relations, the type of relationship between government and society, and ultimately the issue of the power and function/ agency of the elites. Each of these variables and their various dimensions is described regarding some empirical cases, and their implications for state bureaucracies are introduced.

Abstract Intersectionality explains how systems of domination such as class, gender, and nation converge and reproduce each other. Institutional ethnography is a suitable methodology for analyzing the experience of subordination since it explores people's experience in the context of institutional practices. This research describes Afghan mothers work regarding children's schooling taking into account their social status. National domination system benefits from Afghan women’s illiteracy to confine them in a lingual prison. Thus, Afghan women are put under a lot of pressure in the face of maternal responsibilities, as defined by education institution in the interest of dominant gender, nation, and class. Interview and observation are the main data collection techniques used in this research.

Abstract Widespread labor force participation is a prerequisite for sustainable development and welfare in society and gender unequal opportunities are structural barriers for women s economic participation. Therefore, the economic actions of the female who constitute half of the population are of significant. This article, using gender inequality theories and secondary data of the World Economic Forum and International Labour Organization, studies the effect of gender unequal opportunities on the female labor force participation. To test the research hypotheses, data from 143 countries all over the world in 2017 was analyzed. The research findings showed that there was a significant positive association between the female labor force participation and gender unequal opportunity
(r=0/508 and sig=0/000).Furthermore, linear regression analysis demonstrated that about 42% of women's economic participation rate is explained by economic, educational, and political dimensions of gender unequal opportunities. 
 
 

Abstract Purpose: The study investigates the explanatory power of Social Support Theory and differntal coercion in the field of social deciances.
Method: This research has been carried out through a survey using questionnaire distributed among the student of Sistan and Baluchestan University. 400 students have selected through proportionate stratified sampling method. To measure of deviant behavior, four dimensions were considered. Validity of research measured by content validity and construct validity and reliability of research evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient.
Conclusion: The regression results show that coercion has positive significant relation to deviant behavior. But this claim that social support moderated relation of coercion deviant behavior not confirmed. Also, coercion by increasing of delinquent peer groups and coercive ideation strengthen effect on deviant behavior. Whereas coercion by increasing anger and decreasing self-control don’t make to increase of deviant behavior.

Abstract Shaikhi's school emerged in the early years of the Qajar era and is based on two columns of news and Gnosticism. This school was initially introduced by Sheikh Ahmad Ehsaee, as an esoteric and gnostic perception of the official Shi'a religion, along with other jurisprudential, verbal, mystical and philosophical schools of Shi'ism. By the passage of time, this school transformed into a cult becase of Ehsaee's way of expressing his idea. However, it is said that this transformation was based on his interpretationof Shi'a text. In this article, we attempted to study this transformation from the social structuration form point of view. The main research question is, " What social mechanism made Sheikh's ideas and behaviors ?" In other words, how the relationship between an idea ad action can help a socio-religious organization form. The findings showed that Sheikh's followers use three major mechanisms in forming their thoughts: defamiliarization, recombination of old ideas, and differentiation regarding the charismatic and individualistic leadership. 

Abstract Scientific associations as an important institution play significant roles in society. Therefore, the study of their functions, structures, and identification of influential factors on strengthening their functions are of significant. The statistical population of this study is all undergraduate students of Ferdowsi University in the academic year of 2018-2019- totally 9977 students. 150 students were selected as the random sampling in this research. Finally, with the use of SPSS and the suitable tests, the data was analyzed. 
 Descriptive results showed that the level of students' social participation in scientific associations was low (40%). Furthermore, social trust, the efficiency of scientific associations, the benefits of association membership and the relationship of the associations with departments as the dependent variables were better. Plus, the inferential analysis demonstrated that there was a significant correlation between the dependent variables and the students' social participation. It is also important to note that the path analysis that the dependent variables, except for association efficiency, explained 20% of the changes in social participation.