Iranian Journal of Sociology

Abstract In the last decades, masculinity has become an important issue in gender studies. Being a constructive, plural and historical phenomenon, it is experienced differently in various cultures and societies. This survey concentrates on photojournalism of the 1960s and 1970s, trying to study hegemonic masculinity in these decades. Hegemonic Masculinity is a kind of masculinity which is constructed by dominant discourse as a natural and non-historical masculinity and force men to define themselves based on masculinity. To do this, we used the social semiotics method. The results show that in pre-revolution era, given the domination of modernity discourse, citizen-villager masculinity became the most important duality of gender. But when the revolution broke out, revolutionary masculinity emerged as a resistant masculinity. In post revolution era, with the formation of new order, oppressed – affluent masculinity dominated on photojournalism.

Abstract The study examines the effect of teacher - student relationship and rate of student cultural capital on appearance of student resistance against school norms. According to Althusser's view, education system is considered as an ideological apparatus of state that reproduces ruling system. But critical thinkers of pedagogy believe that there is student resistance against ruling system agenda that emancipates them. This study claims that the type of student-teacher relationship and rate of student's cultural capital is more likely effective in the emergence of resistance. The study is done based on sample of 310 male high school students in Tehran. We did a survey and findings show that the relationship between the two variables, type of teacher-student relationship and resistance is significant, so the first hypothesis is confirmed. The results of the bivariate analysis revealed that there is a significant correlation between cultural capital and student resistance. Beta coefficient in regression analysis for teacher-student relationship showed that it has a stronger impact on the dependent variable among other independent variables.

Abstract If we forget about some serious works on the history of Iran, we will notice that most of the theories in this field are highly influenced by orientalism. These paradigms which are in the tradition of history of philosophy, inevitably, see Iran's history in the mirror of state and therefore, pay no attention to local and non-governmental phenomena. It generally assumed that the history of Persian kings is the history of Iran and consequently, our history is analysed based on the events that occurred in the palaces. In the article, I attempt to put those approaches away and use new ones that stress the local and non-governmental events, especially in Kurdestan of Iran. In other words, I try to deconstruct the formal history writing and re-read the history of "the moment". Given that it is a first step in this field, it is going to be hard work. In this paper, it is assumed that there is a gap between pre-modern and modern eras in Iran. To gather the data, I used the documentary method.

Abstract In the past decades, because of the importance of gender concept, Agnew's general strain theory (GST) has received a significant validity. According to this theory, the cause of gender differences in deviant behaviors is the strains that people experience in their lives. Besides, the cause of different behaviors between males and females drives from negative emotions such as anger and depression. This study aims to assess GST's ability in explaining deviant behaviors of students at Mazandaran University. With the use of stratified random sampling, 426 students are selected as the sample population and data is collected by using a questionnaire. The results of using of statistical tests, show that there is a significant difference in deviant behaviors (vandalism, theft, drug use, aggression and fraud) rate between males and females, but in experiencing negative emotions, there is not any significant difference between those two. The findings does not confirm hypotheses of Agnew's strain theory, however, they roughly confirm the hypotheses derived from strain on negative emotions. The reason why strain theory is not successful in explaining deviant behaviors is that there are some other factors such as strain and population characteristics and different social context that influence the behavior.

Abstract The paper tries to show the effect of life style on social identity. On the base of  Pierre Bourdieu's theory about distinction ,we suppose that cultural consumption and body management as the dimensions of  life style affect ethical, religious and cosmopolitan identity. Having used probability sample, we chose 323 Sanandaji youths as the target population. Results from the SEM method demonstrate that empirical data does not support our own model. In other words, cultural consumption and the management of body have no significant correlations with ethical, religious and cosmopolitan identity. 

Abstract The present study attempts to analyse the relationship between using virtual social network of facebook and social capital. The development of social interaction in virtual spaces by youths and concerns of decreasing of social participation and interaction in real world has raised various arguments. Many studies have examined the effects of using these social networks on social capital all over the world. Therefore, in this article we try to compare social capital between user and non-user students and examine the relationship among using facebook and structural and cognitive dimensions of social capital. In the current research, we carried out a survey method and its population which was selected with cluster proportionate to size sampling, is 336 students of Tehran University. Finally, with the use of a questionnaire, data was collected and analysed. The findings reveal that in comparison with non-user students, the users of facebook have more social capital, though the effect of using facebook on various dimensions of this sort of capital are different. In other words, based on the findings, using facebook and some parameters of social capital including the extent of real network, cooperation norms and social consciousness are positively correlated, but there is a negative link between using facebook and social support.

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