Iranian Journal of Sociology

Abstract This article analyzes the pre-modern state of Iran in the Qajar period by describing and using historical data. Its method is descriptive-analytical with the approach of historical sociology, which has used the technique of document review. The findings show: 1. Taxes and customs duties were the only sources of government revenue; Weak taxation and widespread corruption put the government in incurable financial straits. 2. The inability to pay the troops and maintain them permanently made it impossible to form military forces independent of the tribes, and the government was incapable of defending its borders and internal control. 3. The judicial system did not have a  unified procedure for passing and enforcing a law. These matters were left to influential people and local authorities outside capital and regional centres. 4. Power of bureacracy was almost limited to Tehran and it was not able to defend national borders. 5 On the other hand, the society was powerful. With different modes of production, military power and great solidarity, the tribes were  power centers independent  of established government. The above characteristics show that pre-modern government of Iran is inconsistent with the claim of the Asian mode of production theory that the state is powerful and has a comprehensive and centralized bureaucracy.Iranian society was also a strong and decentralized. Therefore, in order to understand Iranian society better, we should search for other more explainig theories and avoid orientalist perspective. 

Abstract One of the basic concerns in historical sociology is how the West developed with an emphasis on Britain. Despite the current belief that the time for such discussions has passed, this question is still one of the most basic and lively questions in various debates in historical sociology. Although Orientalism influences the current literature in this field, but it is totally different from what has been popularized under the title of Orientalism in Iran. This article aims to introduce one of the most controversial theories in the last two decades, which has simultaneously affected the fields of economic history and historical sociology. First, it is tried to explain the theoretical foundations of the Asian revisionism (California School) and its relationship with the theory of the great Divergence, then the empirical studies that have been carried out in the last two decades in this field are examined, and finally, some of the most important criticisms of the above theory are reviewed. Also, in a critical discussion, we examine the relationship of this current of thought in historical sociology with Foucault's view that dominates some works of historical sociology in Iran.
 

Abstract “Conflict" is seen as the essence of the employee -employer relationship in all conventional discourses as dialectic of polar and Hegelian type, where conflict is essentially transformed into contradiction. However, Simmel and Gurvitch attention and understanding of dialectic can bring about fundamental changes in the relationship between employee and employers. The discovery, recognition, and examination of the existing backgrounds and issues and their role in the worker-employer relationship are among the objectives of this research. The research was conducted using an inductive fieldwork strategy with a grounded theory approach. Non-formal observation tools were employed, and the researcher participated fully. Formal and informal interview techniques were also used, and discourse analysis and situational analysis were employed in data analysis. The results demonstrate that understanding roles in the relationship between employee and employers and overcoming the contradictory view of each party can lead to confusion between employee and employers. In other words, the emergence of a multidimensional dialectic instead of a unidimensional or polar dialectic recognizes contradictions and differences, and understanding it can distance oneself from the strategy of constant struggle and replace it with a strategy of negotiation. This strategy can facilitate the interests and demands of both groups.
 
Conflict of interest: According to the authors, the article did not have any conflict of interest.
 

Abstract  This article aims to study the structure of the guilds (vocational interest groups) as one of the most important group organizations in the cities of pre-modern Iranian society. The "embedded networks" approach borrowed from the new economic sociology has been used to study this question. It is a case study about guilds  in the marketplace of Tehran in the period of 1800-1906 AD. In order to study the "form of governance" of the structure of guilds in the Tehran bazaar in this period, three characteristics, namely durable relations, multiplex interactions, and crosscutting ties, have been considered. Studying these characteristics showed that guilds in the Tehran bazaar in the 19th century enjoyed a network structure in the form of "Cooperative hierarchies". The Guilds made the Tehran Bazaar an orderly complex of organized networks. Therefore, the Tehran Bazaar of the 19th century was not a formless and disorderly mass but a structured and orderly complex composed of organized and integrated guild networks.
 

Abstract Marriage under the age of 15 is called early marriage or child marriage, which is a sign of discrimination and violence against women. This phenomenon is a global problem and it is increasing in developing countries due to economic and cultural factors The paper aims at discovering the relationship between macroeconomic indicators and early marriage during .2010-2013 based on the data provided by Iran Statistical Centre. This is a "secondary analysis" based on previously collected data. The statistical population of the study are all 31 provinces of the country and the time interval between 2011 to 2021 have been studied. Excel and SPSS 25 data analysis tools and Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple linear regressions were used. Pearson's test shows that provinces with higher unemployment rate (r=0.366) and higher fertility rate (r=-0.363) had the highest rate of early marriage. Finally, the regression model indicates that the macroeconomic index variables (coefficient Gini = 0.334, unemployment rate = 0.321, changes in inflation rate = 0.297, and changes in the Gini coefficient = 0.282 have a significant effect on the rate of early marriage in all provinces respectively. As a result, it can be said that increase in the rate of inflation and unemployment as well as Gini coefficient between 2012 and 2021 are significant factors in explaining increase the proportion of marriages under 15 in all provinces of the country

Abstract In the Safavid focal point, we saw the birth of a new discourse in which happiness was linked with the subject of salvation in the afterlife. The primary propositions of this discourse appeared in various speeches and numerous acceptance and refutation Jurisprudence treatise and were visible in various forms. In the present study, we intend to answer the question by showing the levels of emergence and genesis of the subject, through places which happiness have become problematic and turned from a marginal matter into a focus of attention in the Safavid focal point? The research method is based on Foucault's discourse analysis approach, which has archaeological and genealogical dimensions. Therefore, in the Foucaultian way, by digging the history of Safavid era, we started to "accumulate propositions" about happiness in decrees, laws, royal rules, letters of repentance, acceptance and refutation Jurisprudence treatise, dedication letters,  deeds of endowment and travelogues, in which matters are related to the place of discussion. , the law, jurisprudence or government decrees, or it was manifested in the methods of judicial settlement or the structure of administration of affairs. In this way, by showing the changes of existing rationality at the three levels of concepts, attitudes, and knowledge, we explained the problematization of happiness. These changes mainly in the three bases of Sufism, Tarab and jurisprudence and in connection with the subject of salvation led to the accumulation of propositions about happiness

Abstract سال‌‌هاست که از نظریه‌‌پردازی مید و ترجمۀ نقل قول‌‌های او می‌‌گذرد. در ترجمه‌‌های موجود غلط‌‌های دستوری وجود دارد که کلیشه‌‌وار بر فضای اندیشۀ نظری جامعه‌‌شناسی مید سایه‌‌ای سنگین انداخته است. مانند اصطلاح تخصصی ”I “ و ” ”meکه به نادرست ”من فاعلی“ و ”من مفعولی“ یا ”من“ و ”مرا“ ترجمه شده‌‌اند. ترجمه‌‌های ناصحیح نه‌‌تنها در تازه‌‌های نشر حوزه جامعه‌‌شناسی نظری، بلکه در پست‌‌های مجازی کانال‌‌ها و گروه‌‌های تخصصی جامعه‌‌شناسی و تالارهای گفت‌‌وگوی حضوری و مجازی نشو و نما یافته‌‌اند و این استمرار موجب تثبیت و تداوم فهمی ناروا از متون بنیان‌‌گذاران علوم اجتماعی شده است. در موثق‌‌ترین شرح‌‌های موجود از دستگاه نظری جرج هربرت مید، بنیان‌‌گذار مکتب کنش متقابل‌‌ گرایی نمادی، نیاز است تا از مناقشۀ ”من فاعلی“ و ”من مفعولی“ در کنار شبهات